Computer Generation I (1940-1959)
ENIAC
Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator (ENIAC) was the first generation of electronic digital computers used for general needs. ENIAC Pgamroposal planned on a Sabbath in 1942, and began to be made in 1943 by Dr. John W. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly at the Moore School of Electrical Engineering (University of Pennsylvania) and just completed in 1946.
ENIAC immense, for settlement requires 500m2 space. ENIAC uses 18,000 vacuum tubes, relays and switches 75,000, 10,000 capacitors, and resistors 70000. When operated, the ENIAC requires 140 kilowatts of electric power as large, weighing more than 30 tons, and occupies 167 m2 of space.
Von Neumann machine
This machine was developed by a matamatika namely John von Neumann, who is also kosultan ENIAC project. This machine was developed beginning in 1945 which gives the idea of a stored-program concept, ie a concept to simplify the process so that the program can be represented in a form suitable for storage in the memory for all data. The idea is also made almost at the same time with Turing. Von Neumann publish further with a new name, namely: Electronic Discrete Variable Computer (EDVAC).
All input and output is done through Plong card. Within a second, the ENIAC able to do 5,000 calculations with 10-digit number which when done manually by a human will take 300 days, and this was the quickest operation that moment than all other mechanical computer. ENIAC operated until 1955. The technology used is to use vacuum tube ENIAC worn by the Research Laboratory Army Ammunition Control (Army's Ballistics Research Laboratory-lb) of the United States.
This machine is developed further back with any improvements in 1947, referred to as the first generation of modern programmed electronic computers available commercially by the name EDVAC, EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator), and UNIVAC1 and 2 (Universal Automatic Computer) developed by Eckert and Mauchly. For the first time the computer is using the Random Access Memory (RAM) to store the parts of the needed data quickly.
With the concept of John von Neumann's father was named as the world's first modern computer that concept still in use today. John von Neumann was born in Budapest, Hungary December 28, 1903 and died on February 8, 1957 in Washington DC, U.S.. Von Neumann was very smart in math and figures. At the age of eman year he was able to calculate the division with eight-digit numbers without using notes or other aids. Began his education at the University of Budapest in 1921 in chemistry majors. But then he returned to his favorite, mathematics, and solve doktoralnya in the field of mathematics in 1928. in 1930 he mendapatakan chance to go to Princeton University, (USA). In 1933, the Institute of Advanced Studies was formed and he became one of the six mathematics professor there. Von Neumann later became American citizens.
Von Neumann was also the first that sparked the term "Game Theory" which later evolved into its own knowledge. Game theory is beneficial to simulate games, such as chess, bridge, and the like. He is also beneficial to simulate war.
First Commercial Computer
In the middle of 1950 UNIVAC experiencing progress in several aspects of advanced programming, so it is a general purpose computer that is designed to be the first to use numbers and letters and use magnetic tape as a medium of its inputs and outputs. This is known as the birth of the computer industry, which is dominated by IBM and Sperry enterprises. The first UNIVAC computer was used for calculations in the U.S. census in 1951, and operated until 1963.
Computer-Computer IBM
IBM produces the IBM 605 and IBM 701 in 1953-oriented business applications and is the most popular computer until 1959. IBM 705 IBM 701 issued to replace the then strengthen IBM in the data processing industry.
Computer Generation II (1959-1964)
The second generation of computers marked with the following characteristics:
* Using the form of transistor and circuit technology to replace the vacuum tube diode.
* Already using high-level programming language operations such as FORTRAN and COBOL.
* Main memory capacity expanded from Magnetic Core Storage.
* Using external storage form of Magnetic Tape and Magnetic Disk.
* Ability to do the process real time and real-sharing.
* Its physical size is much smaller than the first generation of computers.
* The process is much faster operation, the millions of operations per second.
* The need for smaller electric power.
* Orientation program did not confirm just fixed on business applications, but also technical applications.
UNIVAC III
Denga than tube, transistor technology much more efficient as a switch and can be scaled down to a microscopic scale. In 2001 Researchers Intel has introduced silicon smallest and fastest in the world, with 20 nanometer dimensions comparable ata sepermiliar meters, which will be used in processors with speed 20 GHz (Giga Hertz). This era also marked the beginning of the advent of minicomputers, which is the second largest in the family computer. Cheaper compared to the first generation. Computer DEC PDP-8 minicomputer was first made in 1964 for commercial data processing.
Other types of computers that appear on this generation diantaranta UNIVAC III, UNIVAC SS80, SS90, and in 1107, IBM 7070, 7080, 1400, and 1600.
Computer Generation III (1964-1970)
In this third generation technology Integrated Circuit (IC) be a key feature for use in a device from the computer to the present generation. IC component hybrid or solid form (SLT) and monolithyc (MST). SLT is a transistor and a diode placed separately in one place while the MST is an element of transistors, diodes, and resistors are placed together in a single chip. MST more kesil but have kemmapuan larger than SLT.
IC manufactured by Texas Istruments first and Fairchild Semiconductor in 1959 that only contains six transistors. We can compare the current processor that we use already have millions, tens, hundreds of millions of transistors, but was designed processors with billions of transistors. A remarkable development in less than half a century.
The specs are the third generation:
* Due to the performance of your computer using the ICs become faster and more accurate. How fast is almost 10,000 times faster than the first generation of computers.
* Increased the software side.
* Greater memory capacity, and can store hundreds of thousands of characters (previously only tens of thousands).
* Using magnetic disk storage media outside (external disk) the nature of the random access of data (random access) with large capacity (million characters).
* The use of more power-saving.
* Ability to do multiprocessing and multitasking.
Already using visual display terminals and can produce sound.
* The price is getting cheaper.
* Ability to do the communication with other computers.
IBM S/360, UNIVAC 1108, UNIVAC 9000, Burroughts 5700, 6700, 7700, NCR Century, GE 600, the CDC 3000, 6000, and 7000, PDP-8 and PDP-11 (factory manufacturer is Digital Equipment Corporation) is an example examples of third-generation computers.
Computer Generation IV (1970-1980's)
Fourth generation computer is a continuation of the generation III. Difference is that the IC on generation IV more complex and integrated. Since 1970 there are two developments which are considered as the IV generation computers. First, the use of Large Scale Integration (LSI) which is also called the Large Bipolar Large Scale Integration. LSI is the compaction of thousands of ICs used one in a piece called IC chip. The term chip is used to indicate a square plates containing four integrated network IC. LSI then developed into a Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI), which can accommodate tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands IC. Further dikembangkannya micro computer using a microprocessor and semiconductor chip form for internal computer memory while using the previous generation of magnetic core storage.
Computer Generation IV: the Apple II
Intel enterprises in 1971 introduced a 4-bit microcomputer chip processor that uses the name that contains 230 transistors 4004 and running at 108 KHz (Kilo-Hertz) and could execute 60,000 operations per second. Extended in 1972, Intel introduced the 8008 microcomputer to process 8 bits of information at a time. Further microprocessor 8080 made in 1974, and was the first general purpose processor for. Previous 4004 and 8008 processors are designed for the needs of specific applications, and 8080 processors have the ability and have the legal faster richer instruction set, as well as a larger addressing capability. In this fourth generation of the monitor display is a color (green color).
Computer Generation IV: PDP 11
The fourth generation of computers among them is the IBM 370, Apple I and Apple II, PDP-11, VisiCalc, and Altair using the Intel 8080 processor, with the operating system CP / M (Control Program for Microprocessors), with Microsoft Basic programming language (Beginners Allpurpose Symbolic Instruction Code). Note that the fourth generation of computers is not one of them-Compatible PC or Macintosh-Compatible. Until this generation has not been determined on a standard personal computer especially computer (PC).
Computer Generation V (1980s-present)
The end of 1980, IBM decided to develop a personal computer (PC) in bulk, which on 12 August 1981 into a standard PC, and in the end to be current PC with a standard IBM-PC name. The processor used is a 8088/8086 which is the current standard computer, using a base of 16-bit association process time. With the birth of the fifth generation of computers, IBM works closely with Microsoft to develop software in it. Until now, Microsoft dominated the PC world's software needs.
On the further development of major changes that occurred since the IBM-PC was introduced and it was not the only manufactures PC-compatible, the new standard in the world of the PC industry more developed by other companies such as Intel and Microsoft pioneered by W. Bill Gates who is a pioneer world-standard hardware and software.
At the fifth generation, has made the expansion of so-called Josephson junction, which will replace the chip technology that has the ability to process trilyunan chip technology operations per second while only able to process billions of operations per second. Computer in this generation will be able to translate human language, humans can converse directly with computers and the availability of energy efficient computers. This unusual trait called "Artificial Intelligence", besides also based Graphic User Interface (GUI), multimedia, and multikomunikasi.
Examples of computer fifth generation born on x86 based, such as 286 chip, introduced in 1982 with 134,000 transistors, and chip 386 in 1983 with 275,000 transistors, while the 486 chip introduced in 1989 which has 1.2 million transistors. Further in 1993, Intel introduced the 586 processor family called Pentium 1 with 3.1 million transistors to seal 90 MIPS (Million Instructions Per Second). Then extended to the next generation that is Pentium 2, 3, and 4.
At the end of 2000, Intel introduced the Pentium 4, which is the last in a family of Intel processors with 32-bit architecture (IA-32). In 2001 Intel announced a processor Itanium processor with the base architecture is 64-bit (IA-64) first. Itanium is Intel's first processor with the instructions 64 bits and will spawn a new generation of operating systems and applications, while still maintaining backward compatibility with 32-bit software. Keep in mind that since releasing the processor 386, the computer operates at 32 bits per unit time in executing information to the Pentium 4. Until now the use of computer-based mostly still 32 bits.
At pentium generation, other special features increase data access speed also has resolution display image (picture quality) and multimedia nice and colorful, and more importantly are becoming more savvy computer functions. Although the computer in this generation becomes smaller its physical size and simple but has a more sophisticated capabilities.
Computer Generation VI: The Future
With the computer technology available today, it is difficult to get a glimpse of how the future of computing. With the technology available today just like we are able to "grasp the world". From the side of computer technology scholars believe a few seconds created what is called the biochip made of protein material sitetis. Robots are made with this material will soon become artificial human. While the technology is in the research phase now that is mikrooptik and audio input and output may be used by the computer to come. Computer scientists are now also trying to plan a computer that does not require writing and manufacturing programs by users. Computer without programs (programless computer) may form a key feature of the next generation of computers.
Future Computer possibility
In principle the specs of the future is more sophisticated and more expensive and the ability of them to see, hear, speak, and think and be able to draw conclusions as humans. This means that the computer has artificial intelligence and behavior of human capability approach. Yet another advantage, intelligence to predict an event will happen, can directly communicate with humans, and they are getting smaller. A clear future computers will be more spectacular.
